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On 4th of April 2016 in the Modeling Meaning and Knowledge series of mini-symposia, Arho Toikka gave a talk on Creating scientific knowledge as a social process. This was preceded by a short tutorial entitled Kuhn’s Structure of Scientific Revolutions and Gärdenfors’ Conceptual Spaces , presented by Timo Honkela . Toikka's presentation was related to his collaboration with Nina Janasik-Honkela . Their work has addressed, for instance, socio-cognitive views on risk assessment when nanoparticles and endocrine
In the discussion following the presentation, Timo Hämäläinen mentioned uncertainty, complexity science and the role of wicked problems in policy making. Hämäläinen has written an interesting article on a related topic entitled " Governance Solutions for Wicked Problems: Metropolitan Innovation Ecosystems as Frontrunners to Sustainable Well-Being ". Hämäläinen also told about a workshop on Second Order Science that took place in Scotland. Second Order Science takes the complexity of the world as its startin
The presentation and the discussions inspired to consider the relationship between regulatory and legal systems in one hand and different paradigms of artificial intelligence in the other. Namely, policy making and regulations are based on explicit rules that are not very unlike from the rules used as representation in the traditional artificial intelligence. The limitations of symbolic, rule-based representations have become more and more obvious since the highest peak of activity of development in the 198
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